The Urban Institute set administrative costs at a believable 6 percent of health care claims for their simulation of case study answer single payer plan proposed by Sen. Bernie Sanders I VT, noting that they do not trust that administrative costs can fall far below this level; far too many administrative applications needs to be performed. 53 In its evaluation of a single payer system for New York state, case study solution RAND Corporation assumed administrative costs at 6 % of total health bills in its base case, representing a discount from 18 % among advertisement insurers and 7 % in New Yorks Medicaid software. RAND designated administrative costs at 13 % and 3 percent in its alternative situations. 54 In a separate column, however, RAND researcher Jodi Liu cautioned that reaching case study solution administrative expenditure levels of other international locations may be aspirational and is not guaranteed under a single payer system. 55Exactly how such lower costs may be achieved is an alternate question.